Left-click: rotate, Mouse-wheel/middle-click: zoom, Right-click: pan, Escape: close
Organic Chemistry:
- Refers to carbon compounds
- Excludes molecules such as $CO_2$, $H_2CO_3$
ane suggests that the compound is saturated.
''-anes' are of the same general formula: $C_nH_{2n+2}$
These are called alkanes.
They are known as homologous groups
- homo meaning "same"
- same general formula
- similar chemical properties
- Consecutive members differ by one another by $CH_2$ (1 Carbon 2 Hydrogen)
Carbon has unique ability to bond to itself
Why?
- Carbon has a valency of four. It has 4 electrons in a valency shell
Can bond with sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, halogens, etc.
A carbon atom with four single, covalent bonds, has a tetrahedral shape.
How to express structure?
- Lewis dot diagrams
- Molecular formula
- Total number of atoms of each element present in compound
- Empirical formula
- Number of each unique atom in simplest whole number ratio in a compound
- Structural formula
- Shows all details. All atoms and all bonds.
- Condensed formula
- e.g. $CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3$
- You can also do $CH_3(CH_2)_2CH_3$
- Note for $CH_3CH(CH_3)CH_3$, you place the side chain inside brackets.
- Skeletal formula
- For 'super complicated molecules' - Ms Pilling
- 'Its a bit disappointing' - Ms Pilling
- 'I wish they brought alcohols into yr 11' - Ms Pilling
- Name:
Saturated means that contains C-C bonds that are single bonds.
Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons: only contains carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Isomerism:
- Butane and methylpropane are structural isomers.
- Isomers: Same molecular formula, different structural formula.
