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Limitations of the flame test:
- Only small number of metal ions can be distinguished in this way as Bunsen flame is not hot enough to excite the electrons of many atoms.
- It is difficult to distinguish between very similar colours. - copper is green, barium is green, so its hard to distinguish between the two.
- The colours may also be affected by the presence of traces of other ions. - contamination
- Ethanol as a flame has a colour (blue with yellow (carbon being burnt))
Barium is greenish blue, Strontium is red, lithium is red, Sodium is yellow, Copper is green.
Mass Spectrometry:
- Uses:
- Calculate the relative atomic mass of an element
- Identify elements from the mass numbers of the isotopes
- Determine the relative molecular mass of a covalent molecule
- IF you are analysing molecules, the last peak will give you the molecular mass of the molecule.
- Sometimes, when you are ionising and accelerating molecules, you can break apart the covalent bonds.
Intro to Electronic Configuration:
- First shell holds 2 electrons
- Second shell holds 8 electrons
- Third shell holds 8 electron (but has reserve space for 10 more)
- This space is for the transition metals
